PRESENTATION

This dossier was carried out from a nearly two-year survey, which aimed

to analyze the resurgence of anarchism, anarcho-syndicalism and

revolutionary syndicalism, which occurred worldwide between 1990 and

2019.

The research started thanks to an invitation from Marcel van der Linden

— member of the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam

(IISG) — who asked me to write a chapter on the topic for his

book *Global History of Socialism*, which will be published in some time

in two volumes by Cambridge University Press.

I then dedicated myself to this issue, facing enormous challenges: to

understand an immense subject and condensing the results of the research

in a restricted space (and, therefore, prioritizing very well what would

or would not enter the text); to analyze a recent phenomenon, which does

not count on previous studies (with this recent and global approach with

which I worked), large data surveys, and not even texts or books about

it; to search for widely dispersed information in several languages.

Facing this challenge would not have been possible without the studies

and militancy developed over more than two decades, as well as the help

of several men and women, to whom I would like to express my deepest

thanks. I highlight, in particular: the members of the Institute for

Anarchist Theory and History (IATH), both the coordinators and the

associates; volunteers from the “Contemporary Global Anarchism /

Syndicalism” group created on Facebook, who significantly assisted in

data collection; the countless people from Brazil and abroad who

indicated material and / or who answered the dozens of interviews I

conducted. I also thank José Antonio Gutiérrez Danton and Jonathan Payn

for their help with translations and critical comments of my manuscript

and this dossier. 

With this research, I came up with quite interesting results. A summary

of them will be published in the referred to book. The chapter will come

under the title “The Global Revival of Anarchism and Syndicalism

(1990–2019)” and, soon, I will conduct a video course (in Portuguese
)

with the referred results. Obviously, these are limited results, with

enormous possibilities for further study.

In this dossier, I provide some sources of my research, including books,

texts, websites, videos and interviews, in different languages. I also

make some comments to guide the reading. This is not a complete list of

everything that exists, but a set of sources through which I believe it

is possible to understand contemporary anarchism. This will allow not

only a more in-depth knowledge of the topic, but also that other

researchers can use this material for further investigations.

For any corrections or suggestions of important materials on the

subjects discussed, I ask that you write to me

at [[mailto:felipecorreapedro@gmail.com][felipecorreapedro@gmail.com]].

Good reading!

<right>

**Felipe CorrĂȘa, 2020**

</right>

1. STUDIES ON “CONTEMPORARY ANARCHISM”

The subject “contemporary anarchism” does not have major studies,

especially when taking into account the historical and global approach

that I believe is the most suitable for research of this type. Most

studies on this topic have been produced by authors from / influenced by

the Global Justice Movement (or “Anti-Globalization Movement”) and some

of its subsequent developments. If, undoubtedly, these studies have

qualities, they do also have countless limits. Among them, mainly the

extremely broad and a-historical definitions of anarchism with which

they work and the (Eurocentric) generalizations made on an extremely

restricted database. Below I highlight some of these studies.

- David Graeber, “The New Anarchists”, *New Left Review*, 13 (2002).

- Andrej Grubacic, “Towards Another Anarchism”, *ZNet* (2003).

- Andrej Grubacic and David Graeber, “Anarchism, Or The Revolutionary

- Uri Gordon, *Anarchy Alive! Anti-authoritarian Politics from Practice

- Uri Gordon, “Anarchism Reloaded”, *Journal of Political Ideologies*,

- Tomås Ibåñez, <em>Anarquismo en Movimiento: anarquismo, neoanarquismo

Other texts on the subject, which work with different approaches, are:

- Leonard Williams, “Anarchism Revived”, *New Political Science*, 29

- Dana M. Williams, “Contemporary Anarchist and Anarchistic

From a historical and global perspective, which I understand to be the

most suitable for the study of contemporary anarchism, I indicate some

texts that, in my view, are more interesting on the subject:

- Lucien van der Walt, “Back to the future: revival, relevance and

- Steven Hirsch and Lucien van der Walt, “Final Reflections: the

- Felipe CorrĂȘa, “Surgimento e Breve Perspectiva HistĂłrica do

2. THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL REFERENCES

In order to understand contemporary anarchism, as stated, it seems to me

fundamental, first, to adopt a historical and global approach, to break

with the historical studies (subsidized in theoretical / practical

approaches, self-definitions, etymologies etc.) and with the

Eurocentrism (extrapolating the Western Europe and the United States and

significantly expanding the territorial analytical scope). And, second,

working with a precise conceptual definition of anarchism, based on a

global analysis of its 150 years of history. Here are some references to

this approach.

- Felipe CorrĂȘa, *Bandeira Negra: rediscutindo o anarquismo* (Curitiba,

- This content is also presented on video:

- There are also other videos in Portuguese (Volunteers to do

- Apresentação de “Bandeira Negra”

- “Anarquismo Redefinido”

- “Surgimento do Anarquismo, Grandes Debates e Suas Correntes

- Lucien van der Walt, “Global Anarchism and Syndicalism: theory,

- For other references that we have developed along the same lines, see

3. TO UNDERSTAND THE CONTEXT IN QUESTION

In my view, there are three most relevant contextual elements for

understanding the period in question:

1. The crisis of “progressive statism” and the left in general

(Keynesian welfare state and social democracy, “socialist” and

Marxism-Leninism bloc; import substitution industrialization and

anti-imperialist nationalism).

2. The global expansion of neoliberalism, which, increasingly

financialized, led to the resumption of profits by the dominant classes,

dramatically increasing the power of international banks and

multinationals.

3. The emergence and strengthening of movements of resistance to

neoliberalism that, in many cases, even keeping to the left of the

political spectrum, have adopted a critical vision on statism. Among

them, the Zapatista Movement, the Global Justice Movement and innovative

forms of unionism.

To understand these elements, I indicate below some references that I

believe are important.

- Peter Taylor, “The Crisis of the Movements: the enabling state as

- Lucien van der Walt, “Self-Managed Class-Struggle Alternatives to

- Lucien van der Walt, “Back to the Future: revival, relevance and

- Noam Chomsky, *Profit Over People: Neoliberalism and Global

- Michel Chossudovsky, *Globalization of Poverty and the New World

- David Harvey, *A Brief History of Neoliberalism* (Oxford, 2005).

- Ladislau Dowbor, <em>The Age of Unproductive Capital: New

- JosĂ© Arbex Jr., *Revolução em TrĂȘs Tempos: URSS, Alemanha,

- Mark Bray, *ANTIFA: The anti-fascist handbook* (New York/London,

- Charles Tilly and Lesley Wood, *Social Movements,

- Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN), *Ya Basta! Ten

- Uri Gordon, *Anarchy Alive! Anti-authoritarian Politics from Practice

- Immanuel Ness (ed), *New Forms of Worker Organization: The

It is worth mentioning that, in order to properly understand the

contemporary resurgence of anarchism, it is necessary to unite the

structural and conjunctural elements with the action of anarchists,

anarcho-syndicalists and revolutionary syndicalists, who played a

central role in this resurgence. In the following lines, many of these

initiatives will be mentioned.

4. GEOGRAPHIC PRESENCE

After analyzing the presence and influence of anarchism,

anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary unionism in the different

countries of the world between 1990 and 2019, I arrived at the results

that I incorporated in the map below.

[[f-c-felipe-correa-dossier-on-contemporary-anarchis-1.jpg f][Map: “Global Anarchist/Syndicalist Presence and Impact (1990–2019)”.]]

On this map you can see all the countries in which I found the presence

of anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and revolutionary syndicalist

expressions. They are, by region: **North America:** United States and

Canada. **Central America and the Caribbean:** Mexico, Cuba and Costa

Rica. **South America:** Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia,

Peru, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and French Guiana. **Nordic

Europe:** Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland. **Western

Europe:** France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Ireland, United Kingdom,

Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal, Switzerland and

Iceland. **Eastern Europe:** Greece, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Bulgaria,

Czech Republic, Serbia, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia and

Slovakia. **Middle East and Central Asia:** Syria, Israel and Palestine,

Turkey, Lebanon, Iran and Iraq. **Far East:** Japan, South Korea and

China. **Southeast and South Asia:** Indonesia, Bangladesh, Afghanistan,

India, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines and East Timor. **North

Africa:** Egypt, Tunisia and Algeria. **Sub-Saharan Africa:** South

Africa, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Zambia and

Uganda. **Oceania:** Australia and New Zealand.

I was also able to notice the impact of these expressions, which was

measured from a set of variables: size, constancy, political and social

influence, level of national diffusion, theoretical elaborations and

practical achievements.

However, it is important to keep in mind that, even in the places of

greatest presence and influence, in general terms, anarchism,

anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism were, in comparison to

other sectors of the left, and even with other revolutionary sectors, a

minority force. A growing, relevant force, which has become better

known, respected and significantly intervenes in the global reality; but

still, a minority force.

5. SIGNIFICANT CURRENTS AND EXPRESSIONS

During the period in question, the way of acting of anarchists,

anarcho-syndicalists and revolutionary syndicalists, as well as the

positions they adopted in the face of the great debates carried out,

allow us to speak of six major currents and expressions, which are

listed below: 1.) Syndicalist mass organizations; 2.) Flexible anarchist

organizations (“synthesists”); 3.) Program-based anarchist organizations

(“platformists” / “especifistas”); 4.) Insurrectionary groups and

individuals; 5.) Diverse collectives; 6.) Anti-authoritarians and

libertarians in general.

I present here some characteristics of these currents and expressions,

their main networks and international organizations, and I indicate some

documents produced within these currents and expressions for a deepening

of their conceptions.

(It is worth noting that it is not possible to

compare the absolute number of members of the currents (the result of

surveys that I made during the research) without taking into account the

type of organization in question and their criteria for entry and

participation. For example, a syndicalist organization and a “specific”

anarchist organization, each with 300 members, can have very different

impacts in reality. In addition, it is also very important to note that

most anarchists in the world are not organized, so that the total number

of anarchists in the world far exceeds the numbers mentioned below.)

5.1 SYNDICALIST MASS ORGANIZATIONS

**Characterization:** Anarcho-syndicalist and revolutionary syndicalist

organizations that intend to be mass organizations. They are mainly

linked to the field of work, intending to articulate workers on an

economic basis to conduct struggles for immediate gains as well as the

revolutionary struggle. Their members do not necessarily have to

identify with anarchism, which, depending on the case, can be more or

less promoted by the organization itself. They use consensus and voting

(in different modalities) to make decisions and articulate themselves in

multi-trade unions, as industrial unions or as groups within bigger

unions.

**Historical references:** Mainly the International Workers’ Association

of 1922/3 (or “Syndicalist International”).

**International representations:**

- **International Workers’ Association (IWA-AIT).** Historically, it is

- Some members (2019): Solidarity Federation (SF, England)

- **Red and Black Coordination (RBC)**. It was articulated in the years

- Some members (2019): ConfederaciĂłn General de Trabajadores (CGT,

- **International Confederation of Labour (ICL-CIT)**. Founded in 2018

- Some members (2019): National Confederation of Labor (CNT, Spain)

- **International Labour Network of Solidarity and Struggles (ILNSS)**.

- Some members (2019): National Confederation of Labor — SolidaritĂ©

**To better understand its conceptions:**

- International Workers’ Association (IWA-AIT), “The Statutes of

- International Confederation of Labour (ICL-CIT), “Statutes of the

5.2 FLEXIBLE SPECIFIC ORGANIZATIONS (“SYNTHESISTS”)

**Characterization:** Specific anarchist organizations (that is, their

members identify themselves as anarchists) dedicated to different types

of work, in particular propaganda, but also participating in social

struggles. They are heterogeneous and allow a plurality of ideas and

trends, as well as a diversity of conceptions of anarchism, theories,

strategies and tactics, so that its groups and members have full

autonomy (including whether or not to accept congressional and other

instances’ deliberations).

**Historical references:** In addition to the classics in general

(Mikhail Bakunin, Piotr Kropotkin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon), initiatives

such as the Anti-Authoritarian International of 1872, the Bologna

Congress of 1920, and the contributions of Errico Malatesta, SĂ©bastien

Faure and Volin.

**International representations:**

- **International of Anarchist Federations (IAF).** Founded in 1968, it

- Some members (2019): Italian Anarchist Federation (FAI, Italy)

**To better understand its conceptions:**

- FĂ©dĂ©ration Anarchiste [Francophone] (FAF), “Principes de Base / Pacte

- Federazione Anarchica Italiana (FAI), “Patto Associativo della

5.3 PROGRAM-BASED SPECIFIC ORGANIZATIONS (“PLATFORMISTS” /

“ESPECIFISTAS”)

<strong>Characterization: </strong>Specific anarchist organizations

dedicated to building and participating in mass movements (union,

community, student, etc.) and propaganda. They are homogenous and work

with the organization on two levels (anarchist and mass) and, at the

anarchist level, defend theoretical unity, tactical, strategic,

programmatic unity and collective responsibility. They have common

lines, mandatory for their groups, nuclei and members. They seek

consensus, but, if impossible, they work with different forms of voting.

<strong>Historical references: </strong>Bakunin and the Alliance, the

first anarchist political organization in history; Dielo Trouda and the

1926 “Organizational Platform”, classics like Malatesta, Luigi Fabbri,

Kropotkin and others.

**International representations:**

- **Anarkismo.net Network.** Multilingual internet portal created in

- Some members (2019): Alternative Libertaire (AL), today Union

**To better understand its conceptions:**

- Federación Anarquista Uruguaya (FAU), “Declaración de Principios de

- Zabalaza Communist Anarchist Front (ZACF), “Constitution of the ZACF”

- Federazione dei Comunisti Anarchici (FdCA), “The Political

5.4 INSURRECTIONARY GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS

**Characterization:** Individuals, affinity groups and informal

associations critical of mass and specific structured organizations, and

who see violent actions (based on the notion of constant, permanent

attack, and the refusal of any waiting, mediation or commitment) as

possible triggers to generate immediate insurrections and revolutionary

movements. They have no formal decision-making bodies and often talk

without knowing each other; they have complete autonomy to promote their

goals.

**Historical references:** More fluid than the others, they are linked

to the classic contributions of anarchists like Luigi Galleani,

Ravachol, Severino Di Giovanni and others — generally associated with

the notion of “propaganda by the deed”, anarchist illegalism and the

Black International of 1881 –, and also to most recent contributions

(Alfredo Bonanno, for example).

**International representations:**

- **Informal Anarchist Federation / International Revolutionary Front

- Some members (2011): Conspiracy of Cells of Fire (CCF, Greece),

**To better understand its conceptions:**

- Federazione Anarchica Informale (FAI), “Premier CommuniquĂ© de la

- Killing King Abacus (KKA), *Some Notes on Insurrectionary

- Do or Die, “Insurrectionary Anarchy!”, *Do or Die*, 10 (2003).

5.5 DIVERSE COLLECTIVES

<strong>Characterization: </strong>Groups (political collectives,

propaganda groups, urban squats, social centers, infoshops, publishers,

newspapers, libraries, research groups, cooperatives, communities etc.)

that, in some cases, are composed exclusively of anarchists and, in

others, also bring together militants from other anti-authoritarian

currents. They are present in all regions that have an anarchist

presence; depending on the case, they are local, regional or even

national references. There are many hundreds, probably thousands around

the world.

<strong>Historical references: </strong>Varied, ranging from classic and

contemporary anarchism, to the theoretical and practical contributions

of other libertarian currents.

5.6 ANTI-AUTHORITARIANS AND LIBERTARIANS IN GENERAL

**Characterization:** Movements, groups and individuals that can be

called anti-authoritarian or libertarian in the broad sense. As with the

collectives, they may be more or less close to anarchism, may or may not

have participation by anarchists and be linked to the conceptions of

libertarian Marxism, autonomism, certain indigenisms, religious

expressions etc.

6. SIGNIFICANT DEBATES

These currents and expressions have to do with the responses to various

questions at the heart of the anarchist/syndicalist debates. Some of

these questions will be presented in the following paragraphs.

- Do you believe it necessary to organize with others? If yes, do you

- In the case of organization, how to organize? Mass or specific

- Do you accept the national labor legislation? Do you participate in

- In the case of specific organizations, do you adopt a flexible

- Which is the main area of activity? To build and participate in mass

- What is the understanding of struggle? Permanent attack or an

- How does decision-making work? Do you accept voting?

- Do the militants and groups know each other?

- Do you accept to delegate? If you do, on what grounds?

- Do you accept to struggle for short-term reforms? If you do, in what

- How do you understand the relationship between revolutionary violence

- How do you gravitate towards principlism (complete political

7. IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENTS AND RELEVANT EPISODES

Below is a list of important achievements and relevant episodes in which

anarchists, anarcho-syndicalists and revolutionary syndicalists were

involved, with more or less presence / impact, depending on the case.

Achievements are exposed by continents and themes; I indicate throughout

the text bibliography and sources for further study.

7.1 TRANSNATIONAL EFFORTS

# 7.1.1 SYNDICALIST NETWORKS, ORGANIZATIONS AND GATHERINGS

Here, it is worth mentioning the important experiences already

mentioned: **International Workers’ Association (IWA-AIT), Red and Black

Coordination (RBC), International Confederation of Labour (ICL-CIT) and

International Labour Network of Solidarity and Struggles (ILNSS)**. Some

sources to deepen the knowledge of these networks and organizations — as

well as the split of IWA-AIT, the formation of RBC and ICL-CIT — are, in

addition to the websites already mentioned:

- Vadim Damier, <em>Anarcho-Syndicalism in the 20th Century

- Laure Akai, “Why do We Need a Third International?”, *The Anarchist

- Confederación Nacional del Trabajo – Secretaria de Exteriores

- Rabioso, “The CNT and the IWA (2 parts)” (2016).

- Website: Lifelong Wobbly. [[[https://lifelongwobbly.com/][Read]]]

In addition, there is the prominent case of **Industrial Workers of the

World (IWW)** which, at least before joining ICL-CIT, developed during

the period in question as an international network. Between 1990 and

2019, in addition to its most prominent presence in the United States

and Canada, it had a less significant existence in: Great Britain,

Germany, Finland, Iceland, Russia, Poland, Sierra Leone, Uganda,

Australia and New Zealand. [[[https://iww.org/]]]  The most

interesting historiographic framework that addresses the period studied

is as follows.

- Fred Thompson and Jon Bekken, *The Industrial Workers of the World:

In addition, from an international perspective, another highlight was

the **International Syndicalist Gatherings**, with the participation of

several organizations of this current to discuss the international

situation and encourage internationalism. Such meetings were held in the

United States in 1999 (i99), in Germany in 2002 (i02) and in France in

2007 (i07). This last meeting, convened by CNT-F (Vignoles), brought

together dozens of centrals and unions from around the world; African

unions were those which participated in the largest number. About the

i07, there are some interesting references on the internet.

- ConfĂ©dĂ©ration Nationale du Travail – France (CNT-F), “ConfĂ©rences

# 7.1.2 ANARCHIST NETWORKS, ORGANIZATIONS AND GATHERINGS

It is also worth emphasizing the outstanding experiences

mentioned: **International of Anarchist Federations

(IAF)**, *Anarkismo.net Network *and **Informal Anarchist

Federation / International Revolutionary Front (IAF/IRF)**. Below, I

indicate some sources to deepen the knowledge of these networks and

organizations.

IAF AND FLEXIBLE ORGANIZATIONS (SYNTHESISTS)

- IFA, *Histoire de l’Internationale des FĂ©dĂ©rations

- IFA, *IFA: The Magazine of the International of Anarchist

- IFA, **Anarkiista Debato: Magazine of IAF **(2006?).

- FĂ©dĂ©ration Anarchiste [Francophone] (FAF), “Pour un Anarchisme du

ANARKISMO.NET AND PROGRAM-BASED ORGANIZATIONS

(“PLATFORMISTS”/”ESPECIFISTAS”)

- Felipe CorrĂȘa, “Sobre Anarkismo.net: entrevista a Jose Antonio

- Anarchism and the Platformist Tradition, “Recent Writtings”.

- Anarchism and the Platformist Tradition, “The Global Influence of

- Anarchism and the Platformist Tradition, “Especifismo Anarquista”.

INFORMAL ANARCHIST FEDERATION / INTERNATIONAL REVOLUTIONARY FRONT AND

INSURRECTIONALIST INITIATIVES

- Act for Freedom Now, “Our Lives of Burning Vision” (2011).

- Conspiracy of Cells of Fire (CCF), “Mapping the Fire: International

- Alfredo Cospito (Conspiracy of Cells of Fire), “‘A Few Words of

- Federazione Anarchica Informale (FAI), “Quattro Anni
 Documento

- Federazione Anarchica Informale / Fronte Rivoluzionario

- Anarcopedia, “Federazione Anarchica Informale”.

- Act for Freedom Now, “Revolutionary Struggle: a Collection of

In addition to meetings and congresses of the networks and organizations

in question, on different occasions there were other **International

Anarchist Gatherings**, more or less global depending on the context,

with theoretical and practical purposes. Examples are the International

Libertarian Gathering in Spain (1995), or the gathering of the

Anti-Authoritarian Insurrectionary International (Italy, 2000), the

Anarchists Encounters (Brazil, 2002), the International

Anarcha-Femminist Conference (England, 2014), and the Mediterranean

Anarchist Gathering (Tunis, 2015). In 2012, the International Anarchist

Gathering in Switzerland, which took place in St Imier, brought together

thousands of people from all over the world for five days of activities.

- “Internationale Antiautoritaire Insurrectionaliste – Premiùre

- Federación Anarquista Uruguaya, “Declaración final de las Jornadas

- Anarcha-Feminist Conference (AFem2014).

- Romina Akemi and Bree Busk, “Breaking the Waves: Challenging the

- Le Commun Libertaire, Internacional de FederaçÔes Anarquistas e

- Le Monde Libertaire (ed), *Saint Imier 1872–2012: Rencontres

- Some Videos (*Rencontres Internationales Anarchistes*, 2012).

# 7.1.3 ZAPATISMO, GLOBAL JUSTICE MOVEMENT AND INDYMEDIA

As I mentioned, major anti-authoritarian and libertarian movements were

formed between 1990 and 2019. The most influential of them is the armed

indigenous movement of Mexico — the Zapatista Movement –, led by the

Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN). This movement became public

in 1994 in the fight against neoliberalism and was raised to the status

of a world reference in this fight. At the same time, it developed a

very interesting practice in the collective administration of 55

municipalities in the Chiapas region, where 300,000 people live. Even

though it was not an anarchist movement, Zapatismo had a great influence

on anarchists. There were, very marginally, contributions by anarchists,

anarcho-syndicalists and revolutionary syndicalists, both from Mexico

(Self-Managing Libertarian Unity and the Love and Rage Revolutionary

Anarchist Federation) and other countries (Spanish General Confederation

of Labor, for instance) to their experience. Here are some references to

the Zapatista movement below. Regarding the participation of anarchists,

all I got was in interviews that will not be published.

- Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN), <em>Ya Basta! Ten

- Enlace Zapatista. [[[https://enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx/][Read]]]

- Emilio Gennari, “EZLN: passos de uma rebeldia”, *Pegada*, 5 (2004).

Zapatistas were among the signatories who, in 1998, founded Peoples’

Global Action (PGA), a network of social movements that spearheaded

the **Global Justice Movement** and coordinated the Global Action Days

against neoliberalism. Another influential movement of this wave,

proposed to be a global instrument for communication and coordination of

those who fight against the destruction of humanity and the environment

by capitalist globalization, and who build local alternatives and

popular powers. Massive global mobilizations took place from 1999

onwards, the one in Seattle, in November that year, giving global

visibility to the movement, which kept its momentum until 2002.

Notwithstanding the fact that the bulk of the mobilizations took place

in the US and Europe, there were considerable actions on other

continents, and anarchists were very influential.

- Peoples’ Global Action (PGA), “PGA Bulletin, num. 0”, *Archive of

- Bruno Fiuza e Márcio Bustamante, “Uma História Oral da Ação Global

- Ned Ludd, *UrgĂȘncia das Ruas: Black Bloc, Reclaim the Streets e os

- Barbara Epstein, “Anarchism and the Anti-Globalization

- Uri Gordon, *Anarchy Alive! Anti-authoritarian Politics from Practice

- Ross Wolfe, “The movement as an end-in-itself? An interview with

As a global communication network linked to the “Anti-Globalization

Movement”, and also with an important contribution from anarchists, in

1999 the **Independent Media Center (Indymedia)** appeared. Among other

projects, it managed sites worldwide (in 2002, there were 90; in 2006,

there were 150); its open access policy, the possibility of leaving

comments by readers and the various technological tools developed before

social media, not only broke with the hegemonic discourse of the

mainstream media, giving voice to peoples’ movements, but it was also

innovative, leading the way for the developments of later years

technology-wise.

- Eva Giraud, “Has Radical Participatory Online Media Really ‘Failed’?

- Dorothy Kidd, “Indimedia.org: a New Communication Commons”, M.

- Adilson Cabral, “As Comunidades de Compartilhamento Social no Centro

# 7.1.4 ANTIFA, ANARCHIST BLACK CROSS AND BLACK BLOC

During this period, hundreds (perhaps a few thousand) of collectives

were also formed, which often built transnational articulations, forming

networks or even maintaining contact and influencing each other.

Among the most expressive cases are the various **Antifa** collectives

around the world, some specifically anarchists, others of a broader

composition. The growing internationalization of the Antifa militant

model was central in the years in question, with the determining role of

anarchists.

- M. Testa, *Militant Antifascism: a hundred years

- Mark Bray, *ANTIFA: The anti-fascist handbook* (New York/London,

There are also the numerous groups of the **Anarchist Black Cross

(ABC)**, whose focus was directed at the work of supporting political

prisoners. With an abolitionist perspective, they communicated with

prisoners, visited them, provided political literature, raised funds and

organized solidarity events.

- Matthew Hart, “Yalensky’s Fable: A History of the Anarchist Black

- Anarchist Black Cross (ABC), “Starting an Anarchist Black Cross

- A Las Barricadas, “’No debemos limitar JAMÁS nuestra lucha a las

It is also worth mentioning the so-called **Black Bloc**, an action

tactic used in street demonstrations, which has as its core the use of a

common visual identity (masks and black clothes) and combative forms of

protest, which include destruction of properties and fighting against

police. It originated in Europe in the 1980s, spread transnationally in

the wake of the global justice movement throughout the 1990s and 2000s,

and could be noticed in locations as diverse as Brazil and Egypt in

2013. Anarchists were not the only ones to participate, but they were

certainly central to this whole process.

- Francis Dupuis-DĂ©ri. <em>Who’s Afraid of the Black Blocs?: Anarchy in

- David Van Deusen and Xavier Massot (eds), <em>The Black Bloc Papers:

- Francis Dupuis-DĂ©ri, “Black Blocs: abaixo Ă s mĂĄscaras!”, *Verve*, 30

# 7.1.5 RESEARCH AND URBAN SUBCULTURES

At the same time, there were transnational initiatives in the academic

and research fields, through the establishment of networks and

institutes such as **North American Anarchist Studies

Network (NAASN)** [[[http://naasn.org/]]], **Anarchist Studies

Network (ASN)** [[[https://anarchiststudiesnetwork.org/]]] and

the **Institute for Anarchist Theory and History

(ITHA-IATH)** [[[https://ithanarquista.wordpress.com/]]].

There were also **subcultural experiences**, linked to punk

(anarcho-punk mostly) that, in different countries, were critical to

anarchism’s growth and, to a lesser degree, others linked to alternative

rock, hardcore, straight edge, skinhead, hip-hop and organized ultras.

- CrimethInc, “Music as a Weapon: The Contentious Symbiosis of Punk

- Jim Donaghey, “Bakunin Brand Vodka: An Exploration into

- Jim Donaghey, <em>Punk and Anarchism: UK, Poland,

- Eduardo Ribeiro, *Uma História Oral do Movimento Anarcopunk em São

7.2 WESTERN AND NORDIC EUROPE

# 7.2.1 THE FORCE OF SYNDICALIST ORGANIZATIONS IN SPAIN AND SWEDEN

In Western and Nordic Europe, there are two other cases that stand out

for their national dimensions. First, the **General Confederation of

Labor (CGT)** in Spain. It is the largest revolutionary syndicalist

organization in the world and the third largest central in Spain. In

2004, it had 60,000 members, more than 5,000 union delegates and

represented more than 2 million Spanish workers. In the private sector,

its greatest representation was found in bank workers, metallurgists,

telecommunications and cleaning workers; in the public sector, it was on

the railroad workers, postal workers, territorial collectives and

regional televisions. After that, it continued to grow, reaching an

impressive 100,000 members today; in addition to the sectors in

question, it expanded its presence among telemarketing workers and

precarious immigrants. In 2001, CGT articulated the Libertarian

International Solidarity (SIL), with European and Latin American

anarchist and syndicalist organizations.

- Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT), *25 Aniversario del Congreso

- C.J., “Espagne: La CGT s’affirme comme la troisiùme organization

- JosĂ© Manuel Muñoz PĂłliz (CGT), “Entrevista: ‘La clase trabajadora es

- Wikiwand, “Confederación General del Trabajo”

- Lucha Libertaria, “Jornadas Libertarias [y SIL]” (2001).

- CGT Website: [[https://cgt.org.es/][https://cgt.org.es/.]]

Second, the **Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation (SAC)**, which,

despite decreasing in terms of members (from around 7,000 in 2001 to

3,000 in 2016), in proportion to the population of Sweden, is still the

second largest European revolutionary syndicalist organization. In

addition to the more traditional union struggles and campaigns, they

articulated undocumented workers, fair trade campaigns, clandestine

railroad organization, youth mobilization.

- Gabriel Kuhn, “Syndicalism in Sweden: A hundred years of the

- SAC Website: [[https://www.sac.se/][https://www.sac.se/.]]

It is also worth remembering that individuals and groups with an

anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and revolutionary syndicalist perspective

also participated in broader unions: an interesting case is that of the

Italians, who contributed to the construction of COBAS (Confederation of

Base Committees), born in 1999 and organized in four federations,

representing hundreds of thousands of workers.

- Donato Romito, “Anarchist Communists and the Italian Base Union

- COBAS Website: [[http://www.cobas.it/][http://www.cobas.it/.]]

# 7.2.2 MOBILIZATIONS AND STRIKES AGAINST IMPERIALISM, NEOLIBERALISM AND

WOMEN’S OPPRESSION IN THE SPAIN-FRANCE-ITALY TRIANGLE

In the years analyzed, important mobilizations took place in the

Spain-France-Italy triangle, with the presence of organizations from

these countries. In addition to those linked to the “Anti-Globalization”

Movement, there were major processes of struggle and strikes. Noteworthy

are those that opposed American imperialism: in Italy, the numerous

protests in the 1990s and 2000s against the installation of US military

bases on their own soil, and the 1991 strike against the Gulf War; in

Spain, a general strike in 2003 against participation in the Iraq War.

Also those that aimed to combat the effects of neoliberal austerity

measures, with their effects of loss of rights, precarious work,

increased living costs. In Spain, worth mentioning are: a strike in 1994

against precariousness, the Movimiento de los Indignados (15M), in 2011,

which summarized the dissatisfaction of Spanish society with this

socioeconomic context and contemporary forms of political

representation; the mobilizations and women’s strike in 2018 (8M) put

feminism and the gender issue on the agenda.

In France, it is worth pointing out mobilizations and strikes: in 1995,

against pension reforms; 2006 and 2009–2010, against labor easing

measures, precariousness and loss of rights — with protests with a few

million people on the streets; in 2018–2019, against the increase in

fuel, cost of living and austerity measures (Yellow Vests) and also

against the loss of social security rights.

Anarcho-syndicalist and revolutionary syndicalist organizations

participated in these episodes, and were more or less influential

depending on the context. Anti-authoritarians / libertarians, countless

collectives, insurrectionist individuals and groups and specific

anarchist organizations also participated.

Italy:

- Alice Poma and Tommaso Gravante, “Beyond the State and Capitalism:

- Kollettivo Antimilitarista Anarchico – Pordenone, “27 Giugno 98:

- Federazione Anarchica Italiana, “Manifestazione contro la guerra e

Spain:

- Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT), *25 Aniversario del Congreso

- Joselito, “Movimiento 15M”, <em>Anarquismo, anarcosindicalismo y

- Pablo Elorduy y HĂ©ctor Rojo LetĂłn, “Reportaje sobre el Movimiento

- AgĂȘncia de NotĂ­cias Anarquistas (ANA), “JosĂ© Luis GarcĂ­a RĂșa: ‘Acabar

- Alfredo Pascual, “Del 8M a Amazon: CNT y CGT resucitan a costa de los

France:

- Guillaume Davranche, “Ce que DĂ©cembre 95 a changĂ©â€, *Alterative

- Le Monde Libertaire, “Le CPE Contrat de PrĂ©caritĂ© et d’Esclavage”

- Daniel Pinos, “Jours de Grùve à la Sorbonne Nouvelle”, *Le Monde

- ConfĂ©dĂ©ration Nationale du Travail – France (CNT-F), “AprĂšs le 19

- Alterative Libertaire, “Mouvement social de 2010” (2010).

- “Recueil de Textes Anarchistes à Propos du Mouvement des Gilets

- Alternative Libertaire, “Communistes libertaires et gilets jaunes”

# 7.2.3 ANARCHIST PROPAGANDA IN FRANCE AND ITALY AND OTHER EUROPEAN

EXPERIENCES

Among the flexible organizations, it is worth highlighting the role

played by the French and Italian Anarchist Federations (FAF and FAI) in

the field of anarchist propaganda. Between 1990 and 2019, the FAF,

articulating around a hundred federated groups, published more than a

thousand editions of its newspaper *Le Monde

Libertaire* [[[https://www.monde-libertaire.fr/]]], maintained daily

radio programs (FM and online) Radio Libertaire

[[[https://br.radio.net/s/radiolibertaire]]], in addition to the Publico

bookstore with a public space, in Paris

[[[https://www.librairie-publico.com/]]], and the publisher Les Éditions

du Monde Libertaire [[[http://editionsmondelibertaire.org/]]]. During

that same period, FAI published its weekly newspaper *Umanità

Nova* [[[http://www.umanitanova.org/]]] and several books by Edizioni

Zero in Condotta [[[https://www.zeroincondotta.org/]]].

Other notable experiences in Europe were: the newspaper and the

anarchist federation Class War in England (1983–2011); the Bonaventure

school in France, which educated children between 1993 and 2001 under

the principles of libertarian pedagogy; the work of archiving and

disseminating the libertarian culture of the Anselmo Lorenzo Foundation

in Spain; anarchist or anarchist-influenced communities, such as

Spezzano Albanese in Italy and squats in Barcelona.

- Benjamin Franks and Ruth Kinna, “Contemporary British Anarchism:

- Libcom (ed), “Class War newspaper”.

- Fédération Anarchiste [Francophone] (FAF), *Bonaventure, une école

- AgĂȘncia de NotĂ­cias Anarquistas (ANA), “Bonaventure, uma escola

- Anselmo Lorenzo Foundation

- Libertarian Socialism Wiki, “Spezzano Albanese”.

- David Rappe e Guillaume Burnod, *Spezzano A.* — Documentary (2002).

- Natalia López e Carlos Garcia, “Anarquismo y Okupación” — reportagem

- Televisión Nacional de Chile, “Documental Okupacion en Barcelona y

7.3 EASTERN EUROPE

# 7.3.1 ANARCHO-SYNDICALISM IN RUSSIA AND FINAL CONFLICTS OF THE SOVIET

UNION

In Russia, the anarcho-syndicalists of the Confederation of

Anarcho-syndicalists (KAS), formed in 1989, played an important role in

the conflicts that involved the end of the Soviet Union. They quickly

reached hundreds of members, conforming themselves as the largest

national organization of the non-communist left, but soon went into

crisis, breaking up. From this process, the Siberian Confederation of

Labour (SKT) emerged in Siberia, which in the mid-1990s reached a few

thousand members and had an impact on social struggles in the region.

- Alex Chis, “Interview: ‘Beginning of the KAS in Russia’ / ‘Russian

- Laure Akai and Mikhail Tsovma, “Russian Anarchism: After the

- Andrew Flood, “The Syndicalist SKT Union in Siberia”, *Anarchist

# 7.3.2 THE 2008 RIOTS AND THE MOVEMENT AGAINST AUSTERITY (2010–2012) IN

GREECE

It was in Greece that the most important achievements and episodes in

this region took place. Not only in the intense period from 1989 to

1995, and in initiatives such as the 2003 Anti-Authoritarian Movement

(AK) and its newspaper *Babylonia*, the countless squats and the

tradition in Exarcheia (considered an anarchist neighborhood), but

mainly for the episodes of 2008 and 2010–2012.

The murder of a young anarchist by the police in December 2008 ended up

acting as a catalyst for a large-scale uprising, which for two weeks had

daily demonstrations and went on for almost a month in Athens and other

cities. In the 2008 Uprising, whose main political force was anarchism,

shops and other properties were destroyed or set on fire. Hundreds of

schools and universities were occupied and bomb attacks on banks,

government buildings and several police departments took place. This

revolt opened a wave of protests against the huge economic, political

and social crisis, which peaked between 2010 and 2012, with immense

mobilizations that also had an important participation by anarchists.

- Nicholas Apoifis, “Fuck May 68, Fight Now!”. *Athenian Anarchists &

- A.G. Schwarz, Tasos Sagris and Void Network (eds), <em>We Are an

- Antonis Vradis and Dimitris Dalakoglou, <em>Revolt and Crisis in

- Kostis Kornetis, “No More Heroes? Rejection and Reverberation of the

- Rosa Vasilaki, “‘We Are an Image From the Future’: Reading back the

- Acåcio Augusto, *Política e Antipolítica: anarquia contemporùnea,

- Wikipedia, “Anti-Austerity Movement in Greece”.

- Alex King and Ioanna Manoussaki-Adamopoulou, “Inside Exarcheia: the

7.4 NORTH AMERICA

# 7.4.1 “SOLIDARITY UNIONISM” AND ANARCHIST PROPAGANDA IN UNITED

STATES AND CANADA

When we move to North America, we have the outstanding case of the

United States, a country that in the years in question had some broader

organizational experiences. Organizations such as Love and Rage (also

present in Mexico, “Amor y Rabia”), Workers’ Solidarity Alliance (WSA),

North Eastern Federation of Anarchist Communists (NEFAC, also present in

Canada), Black Rose Anarchist Federation (BRAF ), and hundreds of Food

Not Bombs collectives with an anarchist presence.

- Roy San Filippo (ed) <em>A New World in Our Hearts: Eight Years of

- Love and Rage Revolutionary Anarchist Federation (LRRAF), “Member

- Workers Solidarity Alliance

- Anonymous, “The History of NEFAC in Quebec City, 2001–2008” (2009).

- Penny Howard and Josh Brown, “Interview with Roundhouse Collective of

- Black Rose Anarchist Federation (BRAF)

- Chris Crass, “Towards a Non-Violent Society: a position paper on

A very interesting case was that of the Industrial Workers of the World

(IWW), which was dedicated to organizing sectors of workers with little

interest from the major union actors in the country. With a few thousand

members in the country, and insertion in several places of work,

especially in the sectors of commerce and services (recycling, social

assistance, technology, food etc.) and some broader sectors (education

and construction, for example), the IWW has been promoting what it calls

“solidarity unionism”. This is characterized by the construction, by the

workers, of a vibrant and permanently active union; in the midst of

campaigns and demands and direct negotiations with bosses, often in

small stores, they usually seek formal representation, through elections

conducted by the governmental agency National Labor Relations Board

(NLRC). Probably the most interesting experiences of the period are in

restaurants and fast food stores.

- Fred Thompson and Jon Bekken, *The Industrial Workers of the World:

- Erik Forman, “Revolt in Fast Food Nation: The Wobblies Take on Jimmy

In the field of propaganda, the initiative that seems to have stood out

the most in these years was that of the collective CrimethInc, which is

over 20 years old and has spread to other countries. It defines itself

as a think tank that produces inciting ideas and actions, which poses

fatal issues for today’s dominations. It has a very complete work in the

production of books, newspapers, posters, videos, podcasts and presence

on social networks — with a lot of material that can be reproduced by

other people. [[[https://crimethinc.com/]]] In addition to this

initiative are publishers AK Press [[[https://www.akpress.org/]]] and PM

Press [[[https://www.pmpress.org/]]] which, in the period in question,

published hundreds of books, as well as the magazines *Fifth

Estate* [[[https://www.fifthestate.org/]]] — which, in the three decades

analyzed, published 62 issues — and *Anarchy: A Journal of Desire

Armed* [[[https://anarchymag.org/]]].

In the academic field, we highlight the Institute for Anarchist Studies

(IAS), founded in 1996, which publishes the journal *Perspectives on

Anarchist Theory* and, since its inception, has financed more than 100

researchers from various parts of the world.

[[[https://anarchiststudies.org/]]] In the technological field, the

collective Riseup, with anarchist participation, has offered secure

tools for data storage and communication among militants.

[[[https://riseup.net/pl/about-us]]]

About North America and Canada in general, some references can be

mentioned:

- David Graeber, “The Rebirth of Anarchism in North America

- CrimethInc., “Scene Report: Anarchism in Canada” (2012).

- Émilie Breton, Sandra Jeppesen, Anna Kruzynski and Rachel Sarrasin,

- Francis Dupuis-DĂ©ri, “Pistes pour une histoire de l’anarchisme au

# 7.4.2 OCTOBER REBELLION (2007) AND OCCUPY WALL STREET (2011) IN

UNITED STATES

However, it should be noted that the anarchist presence in the USA is

quite significant, and is largely outside these organizations. It showed

itself very evidently in struggles that, to some extent, continued the

“anti-globalization” movement, such as the October Rebellion in 2007,

against the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

- October Rebellion Website: [[http://www.octoberrebellion.org/]].

- CrimethInc, “Notes on the October Rebellion” (2007).

And also in the so-called Occupy Wall Street, of 2011, which, influenced

by European mobilizations, concentrated in New York — where hundreds,

sometimes thousands, of people protested in proposed marches and a group

remained camped in Zuccotti Park — and spread out across the country,

and even to others. Under the slogan “We are the 99%”, the movement

directly questioned social inequality, the deregulation of the financial

world and the control of capitalist multinationals. Anarchism was the

movement’s greatest ideological inspiration, as nearly 39% of the

movement’s organizers defined themselves as anarchists and another 33%

had essentially anarchist political views, even though they did not call

themselves such, which means that 72% of the organizers had explicitly

anarchist or libertarian positions.

- Mark Bray, <em>Translating Anarchy: The Anarchism of Occupy Wall

- David Bates, Matthew Ogilvie and Emma Pole, “Occupy: In Theory and

- David Graeber, “Occupy’s Anarchist Roots”, *Al Jazeera* (2011).

- John L. Hammond, “The Anarchism of Occupy Wall Street”, *Science &

- AgĂȘncia de NotĂ­cias Anarquistas (ANA), “Erica Lagalisse: Participação

7.5 LATIN AMERICA

# 7.5.1 ESPECIFISMO AND ITS DEVELOPMENTS IN URUGUAY, BRAZIL AND

ARGENTINA

When discussing Latin America, a case of great prominence is

so-called *especifismo*, promoted by the Uruguayan Anarchist Federation

(FAU). In the years in question, the FAU, which has its own headquarters

and publisher, developed important works in the fields: union

(publication, education, teachers, taxi drivers, transport, post office,

railways and others), community (among which stand out experiences of

the community centers, such as the historic Ateneu del Cerro, which, in

addition to fostering organization and territorial struggles, had

community radio activities), student activities (participating in

significant struggles, such as school occupations in 1992 and 1996).

- Anarchism and the Platformist Tradition, “Especifismo Anarquista”.

- Adam Weaver, “Especifismo: The Anarchist Praxis of Building Popular

- Uruguayan Anarchist Federation Website

- FAU publications with part of its contemporary history: <em>Lucha

Since the 1990s, the FAU has exercized considerable influence in almost

all South American countries, with an emphasis on Brazil and Argentina.

In the political field, during this period, it stimulated the emergence

of different anarchist organizations and their articulation in a Latin

American Anarchist Coordination (CALA). In Brazil is where the fruits of

this work developed the most: the foundation of the Gaucha Anarchist

Federation (FAG), in 1995 — which, during the first half of the 2000s,

played a relevant role in the National Movement of Waste Pickers (MNCR),

an initiative that, at the time, organized hundreds of cooperatives and

tens of thousands of collectors –, and the Brazilian Anarchist

Coordination (CAB), in 2012, are central milestones. An even less

significant dissidence of especificismo was formed: the Popular

Anarchist Union (UNIPA). Argentina was also central to this process,

through expressions such as Libertarian Socialist Organization (OSL),

AUCA and Rosario Anarchist Federation (FAR). Other South American

countries were also influenced, including: Chile, Bolivia, Peru,

Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela.

Brazil

- Organização Anarquista Socialismo Libertårio (OASL) e Federação

- Federación Anarquista Uruguaya (FAU), “Reportaje a un militante de la

- Brazilian Anarchist Coordination (CAB)

Argentina

- En la Calle. *En la Calle: una lectura anarquista de la crisis

- Organización Socialista Libertaria (OSL), “Proyecto OSL Argentina –

- AUCA, “Que es AUCA, nuestra práctica y documientos”.

- Rosario Anarchist Federation (FAR)

CALA

- Coordenação Anarquista Latino-Americana, “Comunicado de relançamento

In the social field, *especifistas* from different countries contributed

directly, from 2003, with the construction of the Latin American

Encounter of Popular Autonomous Organizations (ELAOPA). As a

counterpoint to the emergence of progressive governments in Latin

America and the World Social Forum, ELAOPA articulated, in 13 gatherings

that took place in different countries, a combative and independent camp

of social and union movements.

- Combate Audiovisual, “Documentário VI ELAOPA” (2008).

- Combate Audiovisual, “Documentário VII ELAOPA” (2013).

- Federación Anarquista Uruguaya (FAU), “I Encuentro Latinoamericano de

# 7.5.2 ARGENTINAZZO (2001) AND PIQUETEROS IN ARGENTINA,

PENGUINS REVOLUTION (2006), DEVELOPMENTS (2011–2012) AND 2019

MOBILIZATIONS IN CHILE

Anarchists from this and other currents played a prominent role in some

central episodes of popular Latin American struggles. At the end of

2001, they participated in the **Argentinazo, **a series of massive

protests in Argentina that demonstrated popular dissatisfaction in the

face of the huge recession that had been raging in the country since

1998, and the attempt to establish a state of emergency in the country,

when conflicts intensified. Under the motto “Que se vayan todos!” [Out

with all of them!], the movement took tens of thousands of people to the

streets (39 were killed by the repression) and established popular

assemblies in the neighborhoods, overthrew the president of the republic

and highlighted the institutional and representation crisis that was

slaughtering the country. The anarchist newspaper *En la Calle* covered

the process and exerted some influence on it.

In this uprising, the *piqueteros* — unemployed workers movement that

grew stronger in the second half of the 1990s, in many cases assuming

quite libertarian forms — were prominent players. At that time, and in

the years to come, a group of anarchist militants played a central role

in the formation and development of some of these movements. Both

organized militants, as in the cases of AUCA and the Libertarian

Socialist Organization (OSL), and also others with no specific

organization. Among the most important, all in the greater Buenos Aires

region with several hundred or a few thousand members, are: the MTD

(Movement of Unemployed Workers) Oscar Barrios; the MTD 1Âș de Maio and

the Popular Unity Movement (MUP).

The 2001 uprising also motivated the rearticulation of the Argentine

Regional Workers’ Federation (FORA). As of 2006, anarchists also had a

prominent influence in the Federation of Grassroots Organizations (FOB)

— several of these militants later joined the Argentine

Anarcho-Communist Federation (FACA).

- En la Calle. *En la Calle: una lectura anarquista de la crisis

- JosĂ© Antonio GutiĂ©rrez Danton, “Voces Anarco-Comunistas del

- Natalia Diaz, *Anarquismo en el Movimiento Piquetero* (Neuquén:

- Federación Anarquista de Rosário (FAR) (ed), “Impulso de Nucleos

- FederaciĂłn Obrera Regional Argentina (FORA), Consejo Federal,

In Chile, the student movement stood out on two occasions in the fight

against the effects of privatization, which started during the Pinochet

dictatorship, and disputed the country’s education project with the

Bachelet government. In 2006, in the so-called “Penguins (School

Students) Revolution”, students put hundreds of thousands (perhaps 1

million) on the streets and occupied 400 schools. Under pressure, the

government promised answers, but these proved to be harmless, so that,

in 2011, the movement resurfaced, involving all sectors of Chilean

education and worker support. 600 schools were occupied and

demonstrations once again took hundreds of thousands to the streets of

the country. The movement continued in 2012 and had further

developments. In some way, all anarchist currents participated in this

process, but they achieved a relevant influence through the Libertarian

Students Front (FEL) — which, during this process and later, saw its

influence translate into the election for important posts in the Chilean

student movement.

All currents also participated in the huge and radicalized mobilization

that began in October 2019 and was interrupted in 2020 by the Covid-19

pandemic. This movement, although initiated in a struggle against the

increase in transport, embodied popular dissatisfaction with numerous

effects of neoliberalism, all related to the precariousness of life. Not

only did it take more than a million people to the streets, but it

adopted combative tactics of democratic violence, the antecedent of

which is the 2018 Feminist General Strike, taking the struggle to

another level. State repression and terror were enormous.

- Beatriz S. Pinochet, “La ‘RevoluciĂłn PingĂŒina’ y el Cambio Cultural

- Dagmar M. L. Zibas, “A ‘Revolta dos Pinguins’ e o novo pacto

- Scott Nappalos, “Entrevista con Felipe Ramírez, del FEL de

- Bree Busk, “The Popular Assemblies at the Heart of the Chilean

- Pablo Abufom, “Los Seis Meses que Transformaron

- Anarkismo.net (ed), “Chile: El Oasis del Caos (y otros textos)”

# 7.5.3 OAXACA COMMUNE (2006) IN MEXICO AND JUNE PROTESTS (2013) IN

BRAZIL

In Mexico, still in 2006, the Commune of Oaxaca was formed, a huge

mobilization that, for five months, occupied the city, having as a main

organizing instrument the Popular Assembly of the Peoples of Oaxaca

(APPO). Unleashed by teachers’ wage demands, the movement grew

enormously, with the solidarity of countless popular sectors, after

government repression. It came to control part of the city, permanently

occupying its central square and demanding the resignation of the

governor. It promoted large demonstrations, with hundreds of thousands

of people and, in at least one case, a million; it erected barricades

and fought the forces of order in the streets; blocked roads, set fire

to government buildings, occupied 13 radios – broadcasting their own

programming; it created the Oaxaca Women’s Coordination (COMO) to work

on their specific demands. It was severely repressed, ending with 20

dead and hundreds arrested and wounded. Anarchists were present

throughout the process, both in APPO and outside. They had considerable

influence, through initiatives such as the Popular Indigenous Council of

Oaxaca — Ricardo Flores Magón (CIPO-RFM), the Magonista Zapatista

Alliance (AMZ) and the La Okupa space. In that country, anarchist

participation in the Authentic Front of Work (FAT) in the 1990s, the

most recent conformation of the Anarchist Federation of Mexico (FAM),

and the oldest social library, Reconstruir,  also stood out in the

period.

- Marco Estrada Saavedra, “La Anarquía Organizada: las barricadas como

- SĂ©rgio SĂĄnchez, “AnarquĂ­a y Corrientes Libertarias en el Movimiento

- Gilson Dantas. *México Rebelde: Oaxaca, uma comuna do século

In Mexico, anarchist participation in the construction of “Jornadas

Magonistas” was also important, in different parts of the country in

1994, 1999, and practically every year after 2000. Among several other

actors, the Magonist Autonomous Collective (CAMA) was part of this

construction.

- “Ciudad de MĂ©xico: Jornadas Magonistas en octubre”, *A-Infos* (2004).

- “Jornada de Difusión del Pensamiento Magonista” (2014).

- Thierry Libertad, “Entrevista com o “Centro Social Libertario —

In Brazil, anarchists also played an important role in the so-called

“Jornadas de Junho”, in 2013, a movement started by the fight against

the price increase in public transport, victorious in several regions,

but which ended up expanding their agendas. Continuing in different

locations for practically a year, this widespread revolt, reinforced by

savage strikes and mobilizations by women and LGBTs demanding sexual

freedom, harshly criticized spending on the World Cup, media

oligopolies, multinationals, police violence and others atrocities. It

put the country’s political representation in check, and demanded the

improvement of public services such as health and education. The

movement, which took over one million to the streets across the country,

and which received massive support from the population, had an important

participation from all anarchist currents, which were present at the

Block of Struggles in Porto Alegre, in the Free Pass Movement (MPL) in

different locations, as well as in the Black Blocs and many other

initiatives.

- Wallace de Moraes, *2013: Revolta dos Governados ou, para quem esteve

- Pablo Ortellado et alli. *Vinte Centavos: a luta contra o

- Federação Anarquista GaĂșcha (FAG), *Pela Força das Ruas: seleção das

- Wallace dos Santos de Moraes, Camila Rodrigues Jourdan e Andrey

- Federación Anarquista de Rosário (FAR) (ed), “Movimento Passe Livre y

7.6 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

# 7.6.1 SYNDICALISM IN NIGERIA AND SIERRA LEONE

In Sub-Saharan Africa, three achievements stand out. Two of them linked

to the camp of anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism. In

Nigeria, the Awareness League (AL), which had started as a study group

in the mid-1980s, from 1990 to 1991 became an anarcho-syndicalist

organization. It came to have 1,000 members with a presence in 15 states

in the south of the country, and made anti-militarism at the heart of

its struggle. It was a member of the IWA-AIT from 1996 onwards and ended

in 1999, with the end of the military regime. In Sierra Leone, between

1988 and the early 1990s, an IWW section was formed. This first

experience of revolutionary unionism in the country — which, in 1997,

even in the midst of the civil war, added more than 3,000 diamond miners

— was destroyed with the military coup that year, and, under repression,

its leaders had to go into exile in Guinea.

- Sam Mbah e I.E. Igariwey, *African Anarchism: an exploration of the

- Sam Mbah, “Interview”, *Libcom* (2012).

- Industrial Workers of the World – Sierra Leone, “Letters” (1997).

# 7.6.2 PLATFORMISM IN SOUTH AFRICA AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

The third belongs to the camp of platformism, carried out in South

Africa and other countries. This tradition goes back to the oldest

Workers’ Solidarity Federation (WSF, 1995–1999) and to a set of

subsequent groups that, in 2003/2007, will found the ZACF. Forming up in

the rise of the struggles that defeated apartheid and combating the

emergent nationalism, increasingly integrated into neoliberal policies,

these platformists, at various times with a majority of black members in

their organizations, were based in South Africa, but managed to expand

to other regions (Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe). With a presence in

student work (at Witwatersrand University, participating in the protests

of 1993, 1995, 2001), trade unions (in COSATU, participating in strikes

in 1996 and 2008) and in different peripheral communities, these

anarchists were also part of the Workers Library, since 1998, and the

Anti-Privatization Forum, since its founding in 2000. They built an

Anarchist Political School, a popular education project rooted in poor

and majority black neighborhoods. Despite being modest in numbers, they

stood out for their permanence and the influence they exercised in the

theoretical field.

- Southern African Anarchist & Syndicalist History Archive (SAASHA)

- SAACHA, “Some Notes on the Chronology and History of ARM and WSF,

- Leroy Maisiri, Phillip Nyalungu and Lucien van der Walt,

- Dale McKinley, “Interview with Lucien van der Walt on the Anti

- Phillip Nyalungu, “Experiences of an Activist and ZACF

7.7 NORTH AFRICA

# 7.7.1 ARAB SPRING AND IMPACTS IN TUNISIA AND EGYPT

In North Africa, the Arab Spring, which in its different manifestations

expressed a libertarian methodology of action, stimulated a resumption

of anarchism in the region, which was marked by feminist positions.

Egypt stands out, where the Libertarian Socialist Movement was founded

in 2011, and where, in 2013, black blocs were already present in

protests in Cairo; and Tunisia, whose Common Libertarian group, in 2015,

hosted a meeting of Mediterranean anarchists, articulated with the

Francophone Anarchist Federation (FAF) and the International Anarchist

Federation (IFA).

- Laura Galián, “Squares, Occupy Movements and Arab Revolutions”, Carl

- Yeghig Tashjian, “The Fruits of ‘Arab Spring’; Islamism, Anarchism &

- North Eastern Federation of Anarchist Communists (NEFAC), “Egypt

- Mohammed Bamyeh, “Anarchist Method, Liberal Intention, Authoritarian

- Le Commun Libertaire, Internationale des Fédérations Anarchistes

7.8 MIDDLE EAST

# 7.8.1 ROJAVA REVOLUTION (FROM 2012 ON) IN NORTHERN SYRIA

But it was in the Middle East that the Arab Spring bore its most

promising fruits. In a context of national oppression and damaging

effects of neoliberalism, the Kurdish people started, in 2012, in

northern Syria, what has been called the Rojava Revolution. As a result

of a long previous organization — in which the Kurdistan Workers’ Party

(PKK) had a prominent role –, this revolution was established at the

moment when the civil war broke out, and that region, refusing to

support the government and the opposition, declared its autonomy. Thanks

to an ideological turn of the PKK, which took place between 1995 and

2005, greatly influenced by its leader Abdullah Öcallan, the

revolutionary process was directed towards democratic confederalism.

Against capitalism, the state and patriarchy, this revolution has been

trying to establish an ecological and multi-ethnic society, with a

self-managed economy, grassroots democracy (without a state, based on

communes and councils), and the liberation of women. In addition, there

are libertarian solutions to issues such as health, education, conflict

resolution and defense. It is undoubtedly the largest anti-authoritarian

revolutionary movement of the period in question, and the influence of

anarchism — minority, but existing — can be understood from the

influence that the works of anarchist Murray Bookchin had on Abdulla

Öcallan, as well as in the presence of anarchist groupings in the

region, as in the case of the International and Revolutionary People’s

Guerrilla Forces (IRPGF), which operated between 2017 and 2018, and had

an LGBT unit, the Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army (TQILA).

- Editorial Descontrol (ed), *La Revolución Ignorada: liberación de la

- CrimethInc, “’The Struggle Is not for Martyrdom but for Life’: A

- Clare Maxwell, “Anarchy in the YPG: Foreign volunteers vow Turkish

- Kurdish Question, “Interview with the International Revolutionary

- Anonymous, “Not One Step Back: TQILA-IRPGF Speaks From

# 7.8.2 OTHER INITIATIVES IN ISRAEL, PALESTINE, TURKEY, LEBANON,

AFGHANISTAN AND IRAN

Still in the Middle East, some initiatives stand out, also from this new

millennium. In Israel, between 2003 and 2008, Anarchists Against the

Wall (AAW) performed in hundreds of demonstrations in favor of the

Palestinian cause and opposed the 2006 Lebanon and Gaza wars in 2008. In

Turkey, since the beginning of the 2000s, anarchism has been greatly

strengthened. Among other achievements, mention should be made of the

founding of Revolutionary Anarchist Action (DAF), in 2007 — federating

five collectives and encompassing, in addition to class guidelines and

solidarity with the Kurds of Rojava, the fight against patriarchy,

gender-based violence and the destruction of the environment — as well

as some contribution to the 2013 Turkish Uprising. Finally, Lebanon’s

initiatives — such as the Libertarian Communist Alternative, linked to

the French Alternative Libertaire, and the new Kafeh movement — and the

recent appearance of the Anarchist Union of Iran and Afghanistan (AUIF).

- Uri Gordon and Ohal Grietzer (eds), *Anarchists Against the Wall:

- Corporate Watch, “Building Autonomy in Turkey and Kurdistan: an

- CrimethInc, “Turkish Anarchists on the Fight for KobanĂȘ” (2015).

- “Anarchism in Turkey”, *Libcom* (2004).

- Bruno L. Rocha, “An Interview to a DAF Militant About the Solidarity

- Robert Graham, “Lessons From the Turkish Uprising” (2013).

- Enough is Enough 14, “Interview with #Kafeh,

- A Las Barricadas, “Interview with the Anarchist Union of Afghanistan

7.9 OCEANIA

# 7.9.1 TRAM DISPUTE (1990) IN AUSTRALIA AND THE INFLUENCE IN SOUTH

AND SOUTHEAST ASIA

In Oceania, there were striking episodes with anarchist participation,

such as the Tram Dispute, in 1990, in Australia (Melbourne). At that

time, the railway workers occupied stations and took control of

operations, circulating without charging passengers, in a protest

against the government, which wanted to extinguish the role of drivers.

The Anarcho-Syndicalist Federation (ASF), despite its numerical

limitations, had an important impact on this conflict and also on the

debate on public transport in the region. The work of the IWA-AIT was

also very relevant, which, through the Australian ASF, decided, from

2013 onwards, to support the strengthening of anarcho-syndicalism in

South and Southeast Asia. Such experiences are discussed a little later.

- Dick Curlewis, *Anarcho-Syndicalism in Practice: Melbourne Tram

Other interesting experiences on this continent are the Melbourne

Anarchist Communist Group, from Australia

[[[https://melbacg.wordpress.com/]]], and the Aotearoa Workers’

Solidarity Movement, from New Zealand [[[https://awsm.nz/]]].

7.10 SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA

# 7.10.1  SYNDICALISM IN BANGLADESH AND INDONESIA AND OTHER ASIAN

EXPERIENCES

In this region, although anarchism emerged in a dispersed way between

the 1980s and 2000s, it was in the decade of 2010 that two outstanding

cases were consolidated, both linked to the IWA-AIT. In Bangladesh, an

anarcho-syndicalist current emerged from a critique of Marxism, founding

the Bangladesh Anarcho-Syndicalist Federation (BASF) which, in 2014, had

60 federated groups and 1500 members; of these, almost half were women,

several of whom are members of the Bangladesh

Anarcho-Syndicalist *Women’s* Union (BAWU). In Indonesia, there were

also important fruits, such as the Regional Workers’ Fraternity (PPR), a

network of nuclei in seven regions of the country, and the most recent

Anarcho-Syndical Workers’ Fraternity (PPAS). Other, less expressive

initiatives have also been developed in the region, in countries such as

India, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and East Timor.

Finally, in the Far East, there is a case highlighted in Japan, which is

the formation, in 2004, of Freeter Zenpan Roso, a revolutionary unionist

influence group that has been organizing precarious workers in the

country.

- Bangladesh Anarcho-Syndicalist Federation (BASF), “Question & Answers

- Vadim Damier and Kirill Limanov, “Anarchism in Indonesia”, *The

- Vadim Damier and Kirill Limanov, “History of Anarchism in Malaya /

- John Crump, “The Anarchist Movement in Japan, 1906–1996”, *The

- Sabu Kohso, “Freeter Zenpan Roso – PrekĂ€re in Japan”, *Direkte

8. HISTORY AND THEORY: CLASS, ECOLOGY, RACE/ETHNICITY, NATIONALITY, GENDER AND SEXUALITY

8.1 RECOVERY ON HISTORIOGRAPHY AND ACADEMIC PRESENCE AT

UNIVERSITIES

In all regions of the globe there has been a keen interest in recovering

the history of anarchism, anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary

syndicalism, as well as in translating old and recent writings, and

discussing numerous theoretical issues. On this topic in general, some

texts can be mentioned.

- Randall Amster, Abraham DeLeon, Luis A. Fernandez, Anthony J.

- Nildo Avelino, “Apresentação: Acerca dos Estudos Anarquistas

8.2 DATABASES, RESEARCH INSTITUTES AND NETWORKS, JOURNALS, ACADEMIC

GROUPS AND CONFERENCES

Certain initiatives have been very important. **Physical

databases,** such as the Kate Sharpley Library, England

[[[https://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/]]]; the International Centre for

Anarchist Research (CIRA), Switzerland [[[https://www.cira.ch/home]]];

the International Institute of Social History (IIHS), the Netherlands

[[[https://iisg.amsterdam/en]]]; and **virtual databases**, such as the

internet portals Libcom [[[https://libcom.org/]]], The Anarchist Library

[[[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/special/index]]] and Zabalaza Books

[[[https://zabalazabooks.net/]]]. **Research institutes and networks,

magazines and journals, academic groups and conferences.** Examples of

initiatives in this field are the Anarchist Studies Network (ASN)

[[[https://anarchiststudiesnetwork.org/]]], its international

conferences, as well as the journal *Anarchist

Studies* [[[https://anarchiststudies.org/]]].

**Physical and virtual propaganda and dissemination

instruments.** Examples are: Anarchist Fairs (Bay Area, in the United

States [[[https://bayareaanarchistbookfair.com/]]];  São Paulo, in

Brazil [[[https://feiranarquistasp.wordpress.com/historico/]]]; Hong

Kong

[[[https://www.fifthestate.org/archive/400-spring-2018/hong-kongs-black-book-fair/][https:

//www.fifthestate.org/archive/400-spring-2018/hong-kongs-black-book-fair/]]]

etc.); book publishers such as Jura Books (Australia)

[[[https://jura.org.au/]]], Freedom Press (England)

[[[https://freedompress.org.uk/]]] and Anarres (Argentina)

[[[http://%20/www.librosdeanarres.com.ar/][http: /

/www.librosdeanarres.com.ar/]]]; magazines, *Rivista Anarchica* (Italy)

[[[http://www.arivista.org/]]] and *Ekintza Zuzena* (Spain)

[[[https://www.nodo50.org/ekintza/]]]; newspapers like *El

Libertario* (Venezuela) [*[[https://www.nodo50.org/ellibertario/]]*];

online news services, such as A-Infos [[[http://www.ainfos.ca/]]].

Theoretical productions around themes such as social classes, ecology,

race/ethnicity, gender, sexuality, nationality have been developed, many

of which have been based on the resumption of classic anarchist

contributions. In this broad movement, we have sought to resume aspects

that, to a large extent, were neglected, be it anarchism itself and the

revolutionary forms of unionism, the colonial and post-colonial world,

or even the oppressed classes, blacks, indigenous people, women and

LGBTs.

The following is a list of some interesting examples of studies in these

fields, which, however, are far from representing the complete

production of this period. But they serve to illustrate a little of what

has been done.

8.3 THEORETICAL PRODUCTIONS: SOCIAL CLASSES

Different productions have developed a concept of social classes deeply

linked to a conception of power, which goes beyond the economic sphere,

relating the ownership of the means of production (and the exploitation

of labor) with the ownership of the means of administration, control and

coercion (and political-bureaucratic domination and physical coercion),

and with ownership of the means of production and diffusion of knowledge

(and cultural-ideological domination). They explain, thus, not only the

phenomenon of power itself, but the relationship that exists between the

different forms of domination within the social classes that are formed

in the capitalist and statist system.

- Alfredo Errandonea, *Sociologia de la Dominación*, (Montevideu/Buenos

- Coordenação Anarquista Brasileira (CAB), “Nossa Concepção de Poder

- Coordenação Anarquista Brasileira (CAB). “Capitalismo, Estado, Luta

8.4 THEORETICAL PRODUCTIONS: ECOLOGY

Others have been working on themes related to ecology, differentiating

themselves from capitalist environmentalism, offering critical

explanations to the planetary environmental crisis, and pointing out

possible ways out. In the case of deep ecology, anthropocentrism is

broken with and it is understood that all animals and plants have the

right to coexist with humanity, in a form of practically untouched

nature. In the case of social ecology, it is understood that most

ecological problems have their roots in society, and that the

environmental crisis will not be solved without a major transformation

of contemporary capitalism and the establishment of ethical limits for

human intervention in the environment. In both cases, the notion of

human struggle against the environment is broken with and the human

being is understood as part of nature.

- Murray Bookchin et al., *Deep Ecology and Anarchism: a

- Murray Bookchin, “What is Social Ecology”, <em>The Anarchist

- Graham Purchase, *Anarchism and Environmental Survival* (Edmonton,

- Graham Purchase, **Anarchism and Ecology **(Petersham, 1993).

8.5 THEORETICAL PRODUCTIONS: RACE/ETHNICITY AND NATIONALITY

Different authors have worked with issues related to race, ethnicity and

nationality. Some have even maintained the notion of “black anarchism”

and others have considered an “anarcho-indigenous alliance” to be

fundamental. Others have been proposing ways to decolonize anarchism. In

addition to rescuing anarchist/syndicalist contributions in this field,

others have pointed out how racism is linked to the emergence of

capitalism and the modern state and has historically been used to split

the working class. And that imperialism must be understood as the work

of the ruling classes of the oppressing country over all classes of the

oppressed country. In this way, they understand that the fight against

racism, imperialism and neocolonialism must take place on class,

anti-statist and anti-capitalist bases, that is, contrary to

nationalism.

- Black Rose Anarchist Federation, *Black Anarchism: A

- Lorenzo Kom’boa Ervin, “Anarchism and Black Revolution”, *The

- Alas de Xue, “Aliança Anarco-Indígena: contra o poder e o capital,

- Maia Ramnath. *Decolonizing Anarchism* (Oakland, 2011).

- Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front (ZACF), “Fighting and Defeating

- Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front (ZACF), “Anti-Imperialism and

8.6 THEORETICAL PRODUCTIONS: GENDER AND SEXUALITY

Others, especially women and LGBT people, have worked on gender and

sexuality, in a critical dialogue with existing intellectual productions

(intersectional, classist, radical feminism, queer theory, etc.). They

establish not only a critique of the anarchist/syndicalist camp itself —

which, despite their conception contrary to all forms of domination,

were often unable to overcome oppressive practices in their own

structures — but also transformative projects with a centrality on

gender and sexuality issues. They have sought to explain the

relationship between such issues and the capitalist and statist system,

in addition to their relationship with classes and identities.

- Dark Star (ed), *Quiet Rumors: an Anarcha-Feminist Reader* (Oakland,

- Ruth Kinna, “Anarchism and Feminism”, Nathan Jun (ed), *Brill’s

- C.B. Darring et al., *Queering Anarchism: addressing and undressing

8.7 PRACTICES LINKED TO THESE THEORETICAL ISSUES

Alongside these theoretical discussions, there have been, in many

countries, numerous initiatives linked to these same issues. The most

interesting case seems to be that of the Rojava Revolution, which, in a

sense, has taken on all these issues. But there are many other cases.

Classist struggles have been carried out by the majority of

revolutionary syndicalist, anarcho-syndicalist and anarchist

organizations, mobilizing formal and informal workers, waged workers and

precarious workers. Many of these same organizations also have work

linked to ecological, anti-racist, anti-imperialist, feminist struggles,

etc. At the same time, other organizations, collectives and affinity

groups — some of which have already been mentioned — have been working

more specifically on these issues.

For example, in the United States, initiatives like Earth First

[[[http://www.earthfirst.org/]]], Earth Liberation Front

[[[http://www.originalelf.com/earthlib.htm]]] and animal rights groups

have taken over ecological struggles and are promoting veganism, as well

as the Institute for Social Ecology

[[[https://social-ecology.org/wp/]]]; movements such as Anarchist People

of Color (APOC)

[[[http://www.coloursofresistance.org/tag/anarchist-people-of-color/]]],

bringing together anarchist ex-members of the Black Panthers, have

dedicated themselves to the anti-racist struggle, as well as the

WSF-ZACF current, in South Africa. In Colombia, the Alas de Xue

collective, and in Mexico, the Popular Indigenous Council of

Oaxaca-Ricardo Flores MagĂłn (CIPO-RFM) collectives

[[[https://www.nodo50.org/cipo/]]] and the Magonista Zapatista Alliance

(AMZ) have been emphasizing the fight against oppression of traditional

and indigenous populations. In several countries,

anarchists/syndicalists mobilized against US imperialism in the Gulf,

Afghanistan and Iraq Wars. In Israel, the AAW contributed to the

struggle for national liberation from Palestine. In different countries

in the Middle East and North Africa — something that also happens, to a

greater or lesser extent, on all continents — there has been a major

engagement in feminist struggles. Such are the cases of BAWU, Bagladesh,

Mujeres Creando, Bolivia [[[http://mujerescreando.org/]]], and the

Revolutionary Anarcho-Feminist Group (RAG), Ireland

[[[http://ragdublin.blogspot.com/]]] . The latter two — and others, such

as Sweden’s Fag Army — are also taking on struggles against homophobia

and transphobia.

9. OTHER RELEVANT SOURCES

**“Anarchism: A Documentary” Project**

Ten years ago, a South African and an Austrian passed through different

parts of the world doing interviews with anarchists and, recently

(2020), started making them available on the Internet.

[[[https://kolektiva.media/video-channels/anarchism_documentary_channel/videos?a-state=42][View

the videos]]]

They also did an online survey in 2010 with anarchists from different

countries, checking profile, ideas, conceptions etc. Taking into account

the appropriate methodological concerns raised by the researchers

(spontaneous responses, almost all respondents from the United States

and English-speaking Western Europe, etc.), it is an interesting source.

It allows one to deepen the knowledge of this anarchist universe of the

North Atlantic Axis (especially of the English-speaking countries):

[[[http://anarchismdocumentary.net/survey/default.html][Read the

survey]]]

**Some other books:**

- Robert Graham, <em>Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian

- Ruth Kinna (ed), *The Continuum Companion to Anarchism* (London / New

- Nathan Jun (ed), <em>Brill’s Companion to Anarchism and

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